Gender and Structural Adjustment in Pakistan

Three-Gap Analysis of Structural Adjustment in Pakistan

This paper addresses two specific sets of questions. The first main question that has occupied a number of researchers is whether the adjustment programs (advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) have had any positive effects to date on macroeconomic performance (i.e., on exports, imports, savings, investment, consumption, and gross domestic product) in Pakistan. The sec...

Exploring the role of structural adjustment in alleviating poverty in Pakistan

While the structural adjustment approach has been guiding the orientation of International Financial Institutions (IFIs), namely the International Monetary Institute and the World Bank's, approaches to poverty reduction in much of the developing world, the evidence that it actually brings about poverty reduction remains controversial. Such debate provides the premise for this background paper w...

Gender and Health Care Utilisation in Pakistan

This study is undertaken to test whether or not there exists gender bias in health care utilisation of sick children in Pakistan. Overall, the results are encouraging, as medical consultation has been sought for by a very high proportion (79 percent) of sick children. Moreover, there do not appear to be significant differences by gender in health care utilisation, be it curative or preventive. ...

Gender identity and adjustment in middle childhood

Gender identity is a central construct in many accounts of psychosocial development, yet it has been defined in diverse ways. Kohlberg (1966) and Zucker et al. (1993) viewed gender identity as knowing that one is a member of one sex rather than the other; Kagan (1964) regarded gender identity as the degree to which one perceives the self as conforming to cultural stereotypes for one's gender; B...

Structural Adjustment, Gender and Household Survival Strategies: Review of Evidences and Concerns